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Was Pharaoh Drowned in the Red Sea?

10/24/2015

18 Comments

 
Scholars of antiquities would love to know the definitive answer to this question, for it bears directly on the question of who was the Pharaoh of the Exodus.   If the Pharaoh of the Exodus perished in the Red Sea, and his firstborn died before he could ascend to the throne, then these facts might point to the end of a dynasty, and help to identify the particular Pharaoh among the many candidates.
 
Some say that Pharaoh himself did not drown in the Red Sea – only his armies.  On the other hand, Flavius Josephus, the first-century Jewish historian says “And thus did all these men perish, so that there was not one man left to be a messenger of this calamity to the rest of the Egyptians”(Antiquities of the Jews, 2:16).  What does the Word say?
 

Reasonable Doubt
 
There are several texts which speak to the destruction of the Egyptians, among them Exodus 14:4:
 
And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the LORD. (Exodus 14:4)
 
This text is prophetic: it was spoken before the event – even before Pharaoh decided to “follow after”, that is, to pursue the departing Israelites.  At first sight, this seems to say that Pharaoh himself would be killed along with his armies, and in this way,  God would “be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host.”  This would be a great proof-text for the drowning of Pharaoh if the word translated as “and” could only mean and.  But in both Hebrew and Greek, the common word for and can also mean even.   It might be that God is anticipating the honour he will gain from destroying Pharaoh's army.  Pharaoh might conceivably, as Kings usually do, take his place on a height away from battle to observe and command.  Or he might have led the cavalry into the sea.  This cannot be determined with certainty from the text.
 
A similar uncertainty occurs in Psalm 136:15, which celebrates the victory long after.  In our Authorized Version it reads:
 
To him which divided the Red sea into parts: for his mercy endureth for ever: And made Israel to pass through the midst of it: for his mercy endureth for ever: But overthrew Pharaoh and his host in the Red sea: for his mercy endureth for ever. (Psalms 136:13-15)
 
This might also be read “overthrew Pharaoh, even his host”.
 
The original account of the event at the Red Sea, written by Moses himself, tells us plainly that not one of the Egyptians who ventured into the sea escaped:
 
And the LORD said unto Moses, Stretch out thine hand over the sea, that the waters may come again upon the Egyptians, upon their chariots, and upon their horsemen.  And Moses stretched forth his hand over the sea, and the sea returned to his strength when the morning appeared; and the Egyptians fled against it; and the LORD overthrew the Egyptians in the midst of the sea.  And the waters returned, and covered the chariots, and the horsemen, and all the host of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them; there remained not so much as one of them. (Exodus 14:26-28)
 
But it does not tell us whether Pharaoh was among them.
 
There are several verses that mention Pharaoh in the song of Moses, which he composed immediately after the event, found in Exodus 15:1-21:
 
Then sang Moses and the children of Israel this song unto the LORD, and spake, saying, I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea. (Exodus 15:1)
 
Obviously, this is poetic description: no one was literally thrown into the sea.   And “the horse and his rider” may be generic, or rather a personification of the whole Egyptian host.  Or it could mean Pharaoh.  Who can say for sure?  Farther down, we find:
 
Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea: his chosen captains also are drowned in the Red sea.  The depths have covered them: they sank into the bottom as a stone. (Exodus 15:4-5)
 
But again, no explicit reference to Pharaoh.  A little further on:
 
The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake, I will divide the spoil; my lust shall be satisfied upon them; I will draw my sword, my hand shall destroy them.  Thou didst blow with thy wind, the sea covered them: they sank as lead in the mighty waters. (Exodus 15:9-10)
 
Once again, “the enemy” could be taken as a personal reference to Pharaoh, but it could  equally well refer to the Egyptians as a body.  Finally, there is Exodus 15:19, which reads:
 
For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea.  (Exodus 15:19)
 
This might seem to give the answer we seek, but John Gill pours cold water on our hopes with this comment:
 
“... Meaning not that particular and single horse on which Pharaoh was carried, but all the horses of his that drew in his chariots, and all on which his cavalry was mounted; these all went into the Red sea, following the Israelites thither.”
 
That's all I could find in the Old Testament.  In the New Testament, there is a brief note on the event in the book of Hebrews:
By faith they passed through the Red sea as by dry land: which the Egyptians assaying to do were drowned. (Hebrews 11:29)
 
But it sheds no light on our query.


 
The Other Side
 
There seems to be no single text that unequivocally declares that Pharaoh himself was drowned in the Red Sea.  However, it would be over-hasty to dismiss the question on that basis alone.  For one thing, there is not a hint anywhere in Scripture that Pharaoh walked away from this debacle, like Yul Brynner in the movie.  That would seem odd, if he had indeed escaped with his life, wouldn't it?
 
For another, Exodus 15:9 may not be worthy of such a quick dismissal as Gill's comment suggests.  The great Reformed scholar and Hebraist may have made a mistake here.  In his day, it was common to use the word, “horse” in a military context, as a collective noun.  That is not quite the same thing as plural: the plural in English is “horses”.  One could speak of “a cavalry of five hundred horse”.  But could the Hebrew word have the same meaning?  That is the crux of the matter.  Gill gives us no proof of his contention, and none of the commentaries I consulted agree with him.
 
Furthermore, his comment is not really coherent.  The text reads “For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea”.  If the word horse means “all the horses of his that drew in his chariots, and all on which his cavalry was mounted”, then why would he need to say that all his horses went in to the sea with his chariots and his horsemen?  Who would ever imagine otherwise?  But if it means Pharaoh's personal steed, the sentence makes perfect sense.
 
The Greek Old Testament, or Septuagint, translated by Hellenistic Jews, before the coming of Christ, renders the word for horse in the singular.
 
Other Hebrew authorities, such as Keil and Delitzsch in their renowned critical commentary, express no doubt that Pharaoh went personally into the Red Sea, and was destroyed with his army.  In their introduction to “the song of Moses”, we read:
 
“By their glorious deliverance from the slave-house of Egypt, Jehovah had practically exalted the seed of Abraham into His own nation; and in the destruction of Pharaoh and his host, He had glorified Himself as God of the gods and King of the heathen, whom no power on earth could defy with impunity. As the fact of Israel's deliverance from the power of its oppressors is of everlasting importance to the Church of the Lord in its conflict with the ungodly powers of the world, in which the Lord continually overthrows the enemies of His kingdom, as He overthrew Pharaoh and his horsemen in the depths of the sea”
 
Their comment on 15:19 is explicit:
 
“In the words “Pharaoh's horse, with his chariots and horsemen,” Pharaoh, riding upon his horse as the leader of the army, is placed at the head of the enemies destroyed by Jehovah.”

So I conclude that Pharaoh's own horse, as distinguished from the horses of his cavalry, “went in with them”, and was with them inundated by the mighty waters:
 
For the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea, and the LORD brought again the waters of the sea upon them; but the children of Israel went on dry land in the midst of the sea.  (Exodus
            15:19)
 
This seems to me decisive of the question, for why would his horse go in without him?And what would be the point in marking the death of Pharaoh's horse if Pharaoh himself escaped?  The song begins with these words ”I will sing unto the LORD, for he hath triumphed gloriously: the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea”(15:1).  This seems to be also the refrain of the song (see 15:21).  While the term, “the horse and his rider” can and should be understood generically, it surely does not exclude the most important horse and rider (or driver) of them all – the one who commanded them!
 
Pharaoh himself had his own personal chariot (v.6), and so may not have been riding on a horse.  When the Scripture says that “the horse of Pharaoh went in with his chariots and with his horsemen into the sea”, it might have been the horse that drew his chariot.  Heavy chariots, with more than one occupant, require two or more horses to draw, or else speed is sacrificed, so it is likely that Pharaoh drove his own light chariot.  But in view of the trouble the Egyptians had with their chariots on this occasion, it is possible that Pharaoh abandoned his chariot and continued his hot pursuit riding his horse just before the end.
 
It follows that the other verses we have considered, which did not give us the certainty we sought, should be understood in accord with this conclusion.  And should not be understood as even in these texts, and “the Egyptians” must include the King of Egypt.
 
Then thou shalt say unto thy son, We were Pharaoh's bondmen in Egypt; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand: And the LORD shewed signs and wonders, great and sore, upon Egypt, upon Pharaoh, and upon all his household, before our eyes: (Deuteronomy 6:21-22)
 
Thou shalt not be afraid of them: but shalt well remember what the LORD thy God did unto Pharaoh, and unto all Egypt; (Deuteronomy 7:18)


 
The Ethical Argument

 
But there is another reason why I think Pharaoh was drowned with his troops.  It has to do with his character and his acts.  This was not the Pharaoh who “knew not Joseph”, who instigated the oppression of the Hebrews, who first commanded the midwives to murder the Hebrew boys at the birthing-stool (Exodus 1:15-16), and then, when that failed, charged all his subjects to throw them into the Nile whenever they found them (Exodus 1:22).  That monster was already dead when Moses returned to Egypt.  It was another Pharaoh, who inherited the totalitarian slave-state that Egypt had become; who ratified the inhuman “Hebrew policy” of his predecessor, and augmented it by cruelties of his own (Exodus 5:7-19).  Think what it meant to the Hebrews, humiliated and crushed already, to be told that they were shirking!  And that from now on, they would have to somehow provide their own straw, without diminishing the full tally of bricks!
 
We do not know how many Hebrew children were thus sacrificed; but we do know that this means of suppressing the population also failed, through the super-abundant fertility with which God blessed his people, the persevering faithfulness of the midwives who feared God; and probably the reluctance of ordinary Egyptians to obey such a wicked law.  (For how could the children of Israel have continued to multiply at such a rate throughout the oppression, if it had been rigorously enforced?)  But there is no doubt that much innocent blood was shed by the Egyptian tyrants and their people.
 
The first of the Ten Plagues was the turning of the waters of the Nile into blood.  The last judgment of God upon Egypt was the drowning of Pharaoh and his armies in the Red Sea.  Both miracles recall the drowning of innocent Hebrew baby boys by the Egyptians.  The celebratory song of Moses uses the expressions, “the horse and his rider hath he thrown into the sea” (Exodus 15:1) and “Pharaoh's chariots and his host hath he cast into the sea (15:4); which are not literally true.  But these are not just arbitrary poetic exaggerations; they are expressions designed to remind us that Pharaoh had caused the Egyptians to “throw” or “cast” the Hebrew babies into the river to drown them (Exodus 1:22).
 
God was not just fighting a war against Egypt: He was avenging the blood of innocents.  It was not enough that Pharaoh's nation and army be destroyed.  The principal living offender must pay with his life for a crime so great.  Would it be right to punish the servants and spare the master?  How fitting, rather, that he at whose word so many were drowned should be drowned himself – indeed, that he should first be made so mad with impotent rage that he should, in effect, drown himself!
 
This should cause us to reflect upon the enormity and heinousness of America's sin of abortion.  What judgments are reserved for us, a nation that has probably murdered a thousand times more innocent babies than Egypt ever did?  God's vengeance, reserved for us, must be terrible indeed!
 
Howard Douglas King
May 17, 2015
 

18 Comments
JOHN WINROW link
10/13/2017 10:49:31 am

I am a military man, I would think that the Pharaoh of that time would have been stationed in a high position, after the entanglement and confusion of the chariots clashing with each other after the cloud which held them at bay while the children were crossing the Red Sea. I believed Jehovah wanted the Pharaoh to see that honor he wanted to get from the Pharaoh. A dead Pharaoh would not know Jehovah did to him.

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Ian link
7/20/2021 03:16:17 am

but you forget one thing. Many who have died in rebellion against God do remember their many sins for they carry them to the grave and eternal torment. Perhaps Pharaoh was watching over his troops.(??)
But, God said he would harden Pharaoh's heart so that he would pursue - obviously either to recapture and enslave, or kill. And NOW, would not Pharaoh personally want to avenge the death of his own son by getting hold of his nemesis - Moses and Aaron - personally?
This is NOT uncommon in war or conflict.
Did not Saul who after being clothed with the Holy Spirit but because of his rebellion against God on two accounts, have the Holy Spirit depart from him, and an evil spirit afflict him? And did it not result in Saul personally wanting to slay his own son-in law - David, even pursuing him till the day of his death?
It seems to me that Pharoah was no longer just an observer but a man driven with hatred and rage like his father the Devil.
The same event that happened to the army of Pharaoh seems to me to have happened to their head.
All the kings of Canaan were killed by the Israelites, as well as the kings on the east of Jordan. Why couldn't it be the case with this Pharaoh. There is nothing in Scripture that says he returned, tail between legs.
And I really do think - unless repentance is made, which there is NO reference to Pharaoh repentng such as is the case for the king of Nineveh - Jonah 3, that God most certainly would have avenged the murder of how many thousands (?) of innocent Hebrews (something I had not previously considered).

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Cody
3/9/2018 02:20:19 pm

The book of Jasher though non canonical, sheds light and deeper details to many happenings not only in the Exodus out of Egypt but many other subjects. Throughout the writing, The God of the Israelites is exalted from Adam all the way to Moses, and even the Torah is spoken of as the book of the Law. In Jasher, it says that the Pharoah was the only one spared of the great army of Egyptians, and that he ".. gave thanks to the Lord and believed in him, therefore the Lord did not cause him to perish at that time with the Egyptians. And the Lord ordered an angel to take him from amongst the Egyptians, who cast him upon the land of Ninevah and he reigned over it for a long time." Jasher also says that Reuel the Midianite who imprisoned him in Midian for 10 years also came to know Yahuwah the one true God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. Pretty cool stuff to consider!

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J-M link
7/24/2018 04:51:04 am

Thank you for such an informative article. It actually helped me in an article I'm writing.

Reply
Jewel Smith
4/9/2020 06:27:07 pm

i am very interested in doing more research. I do wonder, why is it so difficult too understand? I guess this will help you become a better reader and comprehension. thank You!

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Charles Tony
9/19/2018 11:32:39 am

Very informative. It´s clear, from different Biblical accounts, that Pharaoh, together with his army, died in Red Sea.
Taking Gods actions in different parts of the Bible, He didnt need to keep Pharaoh alive to show him Gods power. Even humans, in most cases, didnt leave their enemies alive, to demonstrate their power against the enemy. They destroy the enemy. This is what Jehovah did. He destroyed His enemy Pharaoh, at red red, and made name for Himself, as we read the account today, and glorify Jehovah..

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MIKHAN link
2/12/2019 02:28:17 am

I wish these Scholars refer to the Holy Qur'an to get the correct answer to their inquiry and the truth.

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J-M link
3/13/2020 11:28:48 pm

We have plenty of reason to accept the Bible's veracity; none to accept the Koran's.

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Ian link
7/20/2021 03:33:05 am

Mikhan, there are no witnesses to the things that the Qur'an records. It is unverifiable. Nor are Muslims encouraged to examine its account (tell me if I am wrong) The Qur'an was written much later after the death of the said Muhammad. Go to CIRA International and listen to discussions on the Qur'an and the prophet Muhammad; the host is a Saudi who lived near Mecca and used to do pilgrimmage and throw stones at "Satan", etc etc. His mother tongue is Arabic and he understands preciselyt what the Arabic text says. You need to listen to - Al Fadi, and his guests, who have done extensive and fair examination of all things Islamic.
He has found his true peace, comfort and joy in Jesus Christ.

Allah gives you no certain assurance of salvation, nor is there certainty beyond doubt of his forgiveness - only that he might - perhaps. You eternal destiny was already determined by Allah before you were ever born, frome eternity, so no matter hown many prayers you pray to Allah, or how much you give to the needy or your brother, or how many times you say the required recistations, if Allah has already set your fate to hell - all your efforts are in vain. And you won't know until you finish your life here.
Jesus offeres you absolute forgiveness and absolute assurance of salvation - because He is God, and will judge you on the day of judgment.

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Ahmed Khan
11/20/2022 06:50:43 pm

You need to research more. I wish you will find the ONLY truth in Al-Quran.

kefas Solomon
4/6/2022 03:46:14 am

what does the Qur'an said concerning that?

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jeffrey link
3/9/2020 05:27:44 pm

Through Gods word and the Holy Sprit that lives in me, because of Jesus Christ. He has reveled in my soul a secret to share, this was realized in my hart about 8 years ago. understanding with my whole hart pharaoh did drown with his army. For one thing God was bringing judgment on pharaoh personally! The Word of God is very clear on this, in many places in the Bible. The secret revealed . Pharaoh's son was "king tut", died by the 10th plague. Pharaoh never returned home leaving a empty grave to fill. This grave his son took with a curse on it, from the 10th plague. There is much more to this secret, if any wants to listen. On a personal level, that would be best for this. My email is listed. God bless. In Christ Jesus.

Reply
J-M link
3/13/2020 11:30:57 pm

Doesn't work; Tut succeeded his father, whereas the Biblical Pharaoh's son died BEFORE him in the 10th plague. Plus, he lived centuries after Moses.

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Art Braidic
5/11/2020 01:17:11 pm

Mr. King. I loved The Ethical piece the most. I come down on the side of Pharaoh' s death. There are frequent arguments made for either case. While it’s obvious to some that Pharaoh died, others claim it cannot be absolutely proven. However, there are some points I wish to make. 1. There is never an indication in any of the Biblical descriptions that Pharaoh did not perish in the Red Sea. 2. All others Scriptures appear to imply that he did. 3. The drowning in the Red Sea is in the context of a specific Biblical story. It is the final plague in a series of direct conflicts between God and Egypt’s Pharaoh who claimed he was God. Simple logic would dictate that is would be highly unusual for the plagues to be against him, and that he escaped the final disaster.

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ZAHRA
5/31/2020 08:44:20 am

MIKHAN: Is a big shame that people they rather accept lies than to search for the truth in the Glorious Qur'an, because this is the only book and place where the all truth and nothing but the truth lies. Other books quoted here, they have some resemblance to the Quran, but not the all truth, because the Qur'an is the last and final religious book from God, and is sent to all mankind and Jin. The others books like, Torah, BIBLE and Zabur resemble Quran in somepart, but the information is not much. Because this books were sent by God through Angel Gabriel or Jibreel (AS) as MUSLIM calls him to the mesengers and prophet to convey the message of believing in one God, do good etc, to the people at theirTimes.

And when God realised the people are not listening or taking need His warnings. He destroyed them.

Pharoah is considered as the most cruel man this earth has ever witnessed. Apart from being cruel he also claimed to be worshiped.

The Israelites were living a life of slavery under the rule of the Pharaoh where hardship and oppression was part and parcel of their life.

Once the Pharaoh saw an unusual dream for which he asked his royal wise man to interpret. They gave the meaning that a boy will be born in the family of the Israelites who will liberate them from this slavery and who will destroy the Pharaoh’s empire. Not being able to handle this devastating news, he ordered his men that all new born male children must be murdered. His men went to the Israelites’ villages and started to brutally murder all the new born male children. And that was the time came when a Prophet Musa (AS) was born at such distressing times. And then there is a complete long story about how Musa (AS) grew up in the house of the Pharaoh with royal treatment until he was a strong young man. While growing up, he realized that he is from the Israelites and does not have any relationship to the Pharaoh or any of the Coptics.

Skipping very long part of the story, He was commanded from the Almighty to go to the Pharaoh and invite him towards the true religion and say to him to set free the Israelites. The Pharaoh still did not accept and continued to reject Allah and his Prophet Musa (AS). Allah had granted Musa (AS) many signs. These signs were a means to break the tyranny of the Pharaoh so he may accept the One Allah and set free the Israelites. Each sign was greater than the previous sign. Whenever the Pharaoh and his men were afflicted with one of these signs, they came to Musa (AS) and asked him to supplicate to Allah to remove them from this hardship. Upon removing the sign, they use to return to their heedlessness.

Finally the time came when Allah revealed to Musa (AS) to take the Israelites and escape from the land of Egypt. When seeing the Israelites passing the sea, the Pharaoh and his men also went into the separated sea in their pursuit. However, the sea united itself and drowned the Pharaoh and his army. The Pharaoh at the throws of death realised that his life is about to end and the unseen things of the hereafter became apparent to him. In one breath he states thrice his belief in Allah, but alas, it is too late and was doomed for eternity.

“We took the Children of Israel across the sea: Pharaoh and his hosts followed them in insolence and spite. At length, when overwhelmed with the flood, he said: "I believe that there is no god except Him Whom the Children of Israel believe in: I am of those who submit (to Allah in Islam)."” [Quran 10:90]

“(It was said to him): "Ah now!- But a little while before, wast thou in rebellion!- and thou didst mischief (and violence)!” [Quran:10:91]

And his body was preserved by God,

“This day shall We save you in your body, that you may be a Sign to those who come after you! But verily, many among mankind are neglectful of Our Signs”

[Quran 10:92]

Some of the Children of Israel doubted the death of Fir’awn so Allah commanded the sea to throw his body -- whole, without a soul -- with his known armor plate. The body was thrown to a high place on the land so that the Children of Israel could confirm his death and destruction.

Even to this day the exact place where Pharaoh's dead body was found afloat on the surface of the sea is known. Lying on the western coast of the Sinaitic peninsula, it is presently known as the Mount of Pharaoh (Jabal Fir'awn). A warm spring, situated in its vicinity, is also still called the Bath of Pharaoh (Hammam Fir'awn) after Pharaoh.

This and more can be found in the Glorious Qur'an, the all truth and nothing but the truth.

Reply
Ahmed Khan
11/20/2022 06:49:33 pm

Thank you so much for detail explanation!

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Dr. Rev. Alfredo Lopez Cortes
10/19/2020 01:00:35 pm

For Pharaoh to realize that there was a living God with the children of Israel, he was allowed to live and see his great army devastated and defeated in the Red Sea. As a spectator and recipient of the te plagues, this revelation as he watched the best of his Egyptian army totally destroyed had to be humiliating, a cause to believe he was the weak link. He had to endure the shame of defeat at the hands of the God he questioned, telling Moses, who is this God that i should listen. Realizing all that had been doen, he returned back to Egypt in shame. How long he lived is unknonw, but God wanted him to endure this devastating defeat, after leaving Egypt in shambles and chaos through the ten plagues. Pharaoh therefore lived.

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Carol Lawson
7/19/2021 09:13:41 am

I agree with the belief that Pharaoh died in the Red Sea. Understanding that a righteous God would and will bring destruction on all who do evil, those who are leaders, teachers, and worship false gods.
I greatly appreciate the points of abortion today in relationship to the plagues.

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    Howard King

    ​Lifelong student and teacher of God's Word, author, and member of Hernando ARP Church.

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